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Cadmium vs Calcium

Cadmium
Calcium
Calcium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Ca  
Group Number
12  
6
2  
16
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7440702  
21
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Humphry Davy  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1808  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.01 %  
4
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.01 %  
4
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
1.10 %  
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
5.00 %  
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
5
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
1.40 %  
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3  
4
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
170,000.00 p.p.m.  
1
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
839.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
1,484.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
1.75  
18
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
170.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
3,810.00 m/s  
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.54  
35
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
60.00 %  
23
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Ca  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
19  
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
1.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
0.95  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.04  
35
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.08  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.03  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
3.00  
9
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
589.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,145.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4,912.40 kJ/mol  
7
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
6,491.00 kJ/mol  
15
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,153.00 kJ/mol  
11
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
10,496.00 kJ/mol  
14
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
12,270.00 kJ/mol  
12
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
14,206.00 kJ/mol  
15
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
18,191.00 kJ/mol  
12
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
20,385.00 kJ/mol  
16
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
57,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
63,410.00 kJ/mol  
9
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
70,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
78,890.00 kJ/mol  
4
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
86,310.00 kJ/mol  
11
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
94,000.00 kJ/mol  
6
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
104,900.00 kJ/mol  
7
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
111,711.00 kJ/mol  
8
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
0.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
2.87 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
20  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Ar] 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
20  
99+
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
20  
99+
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
20  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
197.00 pm  
8
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
176.00 pm  
24
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
231.00 pm  
23
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
40.08 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
29.90 cm3/mol  
10
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Potassium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Scandium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
29.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
558.84 pm  
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.55  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
1.55 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
1.38 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
20.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
6
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
25.50 (Pa)  
3
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
7.40 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
17.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
20.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
4.58  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
33.60 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.30 106/cm Ω  
6
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2.37 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.63 J/(kg K)  
7
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
25.93 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
201.00 W/m·K  
5
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
1,115.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
22.30 µm/(m·K)  
20
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
8.54 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
184.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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