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Cadmium vs Magnesium

Cadmium
Magnesium
Magnesium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Mg  
Group Number
12  
6
2  
16
Period Number
5  
3  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7439954  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Joseph Black  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1755  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.06 %  
3
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.07 %  
2
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
12.00 %  
2
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
2.90 %  
4
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
0.13 %  
2
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
0.03 %  
5
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3  
5
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
1,800.00 p.p.m.  
4
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
650.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
1,107.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
260.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
4,940.00 m/s  
15
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.49  
37
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
74.00 %  
9
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Mg  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
15  
24
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
1.31  
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.32  
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.37  
30
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.29  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.69  
23
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
737.70 kJ/mol  
24
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,450.70 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
7,732.70 kJ/mol  
5
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
10,542.50 kJ/mol  
4
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,630.00 kJ/mol  
3
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
18,020.00 kJ/mol  
3
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
21,711.00 kJ/mol  
3
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
25,661.00 kJ/mol  
3
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
31,653.00 kJ/mol  
3
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
35,458.00 kJ/mol  
5
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
169,988.00 kJ/mol  
1
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
189,368.00 kJ/mol  
1
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
24
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
73,700.00 kJ/mol  
21
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
73,770.00 kJ/mol  
16
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
737.70 kJ/mol  
37
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
27
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
737.70 kJ/mol  
34
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
737.00 kJ/mol  
28
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
738.00 kJ/mol  
22
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
737.70 kJ/mol  
19
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
737.70 kJ/mol  
25
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
737.70 kJ/mol  
26
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
0.45 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
3.66 eV  
40
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
12  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Ne] 3s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
12  
99+
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
12  
99+
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
12  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
160.00 pm  
29
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
141.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
173.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
24.31 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
13.97 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Sodium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Aluminium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
40.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
320.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.62  
15
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
1.74 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
1.58 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
24
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
17.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
45.00 GPa  
29
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
45.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.29  
15
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
1.74  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
33
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
43.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.23 106/cm Ω  
7
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
1.02 J/(kg K)  
4
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
24.87 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
156.00 W/m·K  
8
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
923.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
24.80 µm/(m·K)  
15
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
128.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
8.95 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
148.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
32.70 J/mol.K  
99+
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