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Magnesium vs Cadmium

Magnesium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Magnesium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mg  
Cd  
Group Number
2  
16
12  
6
Period Number
3  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439954  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joseph Black  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1755  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.06 %  
3
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.07 %  
2
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
12.00 %  
2
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.90 %  
4
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.13 %  
2
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.03 %  
5
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3  
5
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
1,800.00 p.p.m.  
4
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
650.00 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,107.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s  
15
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.49  
37
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
74.00 %  
9
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mg  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
15  
24
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.31  
32
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.32  
24
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.37  
30
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.29  
99+
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.69  
23
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
24
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,450.70 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
7,732.70 kJ/mol  
5
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
10,542.50 kJ/mol  
4
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
13,630.00 kJ/mol  
3
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
18,020.00 kJ/mol  
3
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
21,711.00 kJ/mol  
3
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
25,661.00 kJ/mol  
3
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
31,653.00 kJ/mol  
3
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
35,458.00 kJ/mol  
5
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
169,988.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
189,368.00 kJ/mol  
1
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
24
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
73,700.00 kJ/mol  
21
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
73,770.00 kJ/mol  
16
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
37
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
34
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
28
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
738.00 kJ/mol  
22
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
19
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
25
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
26
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.45 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
3.66 eV  
40
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
12  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
12  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
12  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
12  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm  
29
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
141.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
173.00 pm  
99+
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
24.31 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.97 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Sodium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Aluminium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
40.00 (-eV)  
99+
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
320.94 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62  
15
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.74 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.58 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
45.00 GPa  
29
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.29  
15
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.74  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
33
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
43.90 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.23 106/cm Ω  
7
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.02 J/(kg K)  
4
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
24.87 J/mol·K  
99+
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
156.00 W/m·K  
8
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
923.00 K  
99+
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
24.80 µm/(m·K)  
15
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.70 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.95 kJ/mol  
99+
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
148.50 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
32.70 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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