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Cadmium vs Sodium

Cadmium
Sodium
Sodium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
-  
Group Number
12  
6
1  
17
Period Number
5  
3  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkali  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7440235  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
  • The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
By Electrolysis Process, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Humphry Davy  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1807  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
6
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
0.55 %  
6
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
2.30 %  
5
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
1.10 %  
1
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
0.14 %  
4
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
  • Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
1
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
10,000.00 p.p.m.  
2
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
97.72 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
883.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
0.50  
24
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
0.69 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
0.69 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
3,200.00 m/s  
35
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.33  
99+
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
53.00 %  
28
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
-  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
0.93  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
0.56  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.01  
36
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
0.91  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
0.87  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
3.07  
6
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
4,562.00 kJ/mol  
4
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,910.30 kJ/mol  
6
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
9,543.00 kJ/mol  
5
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,354.00 kJ/mol  
4
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
16,613.00 kJ/mol  
4
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
20,117.00 kJ/mol  
4
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
25,496.00 kJ/mol  
4
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
28,932.00 kJ/mol  
4
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
141,362.00 kJ/mol  
2
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
159,076.00 kJ/mol  
2
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
4,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
495.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
0.86 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
2.75 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
11  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Ne] 3s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
11  
99+
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
12  
99+
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
11  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
166.00 pm  
29
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
227.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
22.99 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
23.70 cm3/mol  
14
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Beryllium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Magnesium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
14.10 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
429.06 pm  
22
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.01  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
0.97 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
0.93 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
10.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
5
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
3.30 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
6.30 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
10.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
0.97  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
6
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
47.70 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.21 106/cm Ω  
9
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
52.80 kJ/mol  
24
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
1.23 J/(kg K)  
3
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
28.23 J/mol·K  
13
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
142.00 W/m·K  
11
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
2,573.00 K  
10
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
71.00 µm/(m·K)  
4
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89.04 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
2.59 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
108.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
51.30 J/mol.K  
39
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