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Sodium vs Cadmium

Sodium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Sodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Na   
Cd   
Group Number
1   
17
12   
6
Period Number
3   
5   
Block
s block   
d block   
Element Family
Alkali   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440235   
99+
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
  • The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1807   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-3 %   
6
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.004 %   
6
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.55 %   
6
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.30 %   
5
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
1.10 %   
1
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
0.14 %   
3
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
  • Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
1
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.   
2
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
97.72 °C   
99+
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
883.00 °C   
99+
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.50   
22
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa   
99+
203.00 MPa   
39
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s   
24
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Na   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.93   
99+
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.56   
30
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.01   
35
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.91   
21
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
0.87   
99+
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.07   
6
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol   
4
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol   
6
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
2.75 eV   
40
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
11   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
11   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
12   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
11   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm   
9
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
166.00 pm   
27
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm   
21
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
22.99 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol   
10
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Beryllium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Magnesium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)   
99+
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
429.06 pm   
19
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm3   
99+
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm3   
99+
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa   
99+
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa   
99+
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa   
99+
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.97   
99+
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m   
99+
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω   
9
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol   
19
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)   
3
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K   
10
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K   
11
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
2,573.00 K   
2
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)   
4
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol   
99+
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol   
99+
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol   
99+
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K   
28
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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