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Sodium vs Cadmium

Sodium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Sodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
-  
Cd  
Group Number
1  
17
12  
6
Period Number
3  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440235  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
  • The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1807  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
6
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.55 %  
6
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.30 %  
5
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
1.10 %  
1
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.14 %  
4
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
  • Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
1
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.  
2
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
97.72 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
883.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.50  
24
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa  
99+
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
0.69 MPa  
99+
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s  
35
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.33  
99+
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
53.00 %  
28
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
-  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.93  
99+
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.56  
99+
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.01  
36
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.91  
99+
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
0.87  
99+
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.07  
6
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol  
4
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol  
6
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol  
5
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/mol  
4
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/mol  
2
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/mol  
2
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
4,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
495.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
2.75 eV  
99+
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
11  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
11  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
12  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
11  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
166.00 pm  
29
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
22.99 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol  
14
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Beryllium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Magnesium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)  
99+
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
429.06 pm  
22
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.01  
99+
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
10.00 MPa  
99+
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
5
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa  
99+
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa  
99+
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.97  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
6
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
9
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol  
24
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)  
3
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K  
13
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K  
11
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
2,573.00 K  
10
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)  
4
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol  
99+
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K  
39
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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