Sodium Cadmium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Na
Cd
Group Number
1
17
12
6
Period Number
3
5
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkali
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440235
99+
7440439
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
- The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Discovery
In 1807
In 1817
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-3 %
6
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.004 %
6
~0.0000006 %
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.55 %
6
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.30 %
5
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
1.10 %
1
0.00 %
28
Abundance In Humans
0.14 %
3
0.00 %
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
- Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
- Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3
1
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
24
In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.
2
1.80 p.p.m.
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
97.72 °C
99+
320.90 °C
99+
Boiling Point
883.00 °C
99+
765.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.50
22
2.00
16
Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa
99+
203.00 MPa
39
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s
24
2,310.00 m/s
39
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Na
Cd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.93
99+
1.69
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.56
30
1.98
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.01
35
1.46
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.91
21
1.53
13
Allen Electronegativity
0.87
99+
1.52
27
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.07
6
2.31
37
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol
99+
867.80 kJ/mol
11
2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol
4
1,631.40 kJ/mol
32
3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol
6
3,616.00 kJ/mol
13
4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr
27
Electron Work Function
2.75 eV
40
4.22 eV
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
11
99+
48
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
11
99+
48
99+
Number of Neutrons
12
99+
64
99+
Number of Electrons
11
99+
48
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm
9
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
166.00 pm
27
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm
21
158.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
22.99 amu
99+
112.41 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol
10
13.10 cm3/mol
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)
99+
30.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
429.06 pm
19
297.94 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.89
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm3
99+
8.65 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm3
99+
8.00 g/cm3
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available
62.00 MPa
16
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa
99+
19.00 GPa
35
Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa
99+
42.00 GPa
29
Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa
99+
50.00 GPa
36
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
0.97
99+
8.65
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m
99+
72.70 nΩ·m
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω
9
0.14 106/cm Ω
15
Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol
19
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)
3
0.23 J/(kg K)
26
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K
10
26.02 J/mol·K
32
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K
11
96.60 W/m·K
16
Critical Temperature
2,573.00 K
2
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)
4
30.80 µm/(m·K)
10
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol
99+
100.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol
99+
6.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol
99+
113.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K
28
51.80 J/mol.K
27
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