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Calcium vs Thorium

Calcium
Thorium
Thorium vs Calcium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca   
Th   
Group Number
2   
16
0   
18
Period Number
4   
7   
Block
s block   
f block   
Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440702   
21
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1808   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-3 %   
3
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.007 %   
4
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %   
4
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %   
3
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
5
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %   
1
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
839.00 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.75   
17
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa   
99+
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s   
19
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ca   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19   
20
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00   
99+
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95   
24
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04   
34
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08   
17
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.03   
39
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00   
9
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV   
38
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
20   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
20   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
20   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
20   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm   
6
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm   
22
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm   
19
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Potassium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Scandium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm   
9
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)   
3
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa   
99+
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa   
99+
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa   
99+
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.31   
13
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.58   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K   
5
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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