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Calcium vs Thorium

Calcium
Thorium
Thorium vs Calcium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca  
Th  
Group Number
2  
16
0  
18
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440702  
21
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1808  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %  
4
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %  
3
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
5
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %  
1
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3  
4
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.  
1
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
839.00 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.75  
18
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ca  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04  
35
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.03  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00  
9
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol  
7
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol  
15
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol  
11
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol  
11
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol  
6
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol  
7
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol  
8
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV  
99+
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
20  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
20  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
20  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
20  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm  
8
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm  
24
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm  
23
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol  
10
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Potassium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Scandium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm  
10
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.55  
99+
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
20.00 MPa  
99+
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
6
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.58  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω  
6
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)  
7
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K  
5
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,115.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)  
20
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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