Cerium Ruthenium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce
Ru
Group Number
Not Available
8
10
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440451
99+
7440188
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Karl Ernst Claus
Discovery
In 1803
In 1844
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
4 * 10-7 %
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.0000005 %
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
18
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
33
0.00 %
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
30
Not Available
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.
14
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C
99+
2,250.00 °C
8
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C
23
3,900.00 °C
14
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
6.50
5
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa
99+
2,160.00 MPa
3
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa
32
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s
99+
5,970.00 m/s
4
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce
Ru
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
30
9
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12
99+
2.20
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08
31
1.42
18
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.54
25
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88
11
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol
99+
710.20 kJ/mol
32
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
710.22 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol
37
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol
22
Not Available
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol
21
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV
39
4.71 eV
9
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58
99+
44
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
58
99+
44
99+
Number of Neutrons
82
99+
57
99+
Number of Electrons
58
99+
44
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm
12
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm
8
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm
17
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu
99+
101.07 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol
17
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)
99+
64.00 (-eV)
22
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm
34
270.59 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3
99+
12.45 g/cm3
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3
38
10.65 g/cm3
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
34
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)
13
0.00 (Pa)
23
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa
99+
173.00 GPa
4
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa
99+
220.00 GPa
7
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa
99+
447.00 GPa
3
Poisson Ratio
0.24
27
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.77
99+
12.45
19
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m
3
71.00 nΩ·m
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω
16
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
101.30 kJ/mol
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
0.24 J/(kg K)
24
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K
23
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K
99+
117.00 W/m·K
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
6.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol
16
567.80 kJ/mol
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol
99+
25.50 kJ/mol
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol
23
603.00 kJ/mol
9
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K
12
28.50 J/mol.K
99+
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