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Cerium vs Ruthenium

Cerium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce  
Ru  
Group Number
3  
15
8  
10
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440451  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
795.00 °C  
99+
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C  
24
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa  
99+
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa  
99+
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.20  
9
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
68.00 %  
15
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ce  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.12  
37
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08  
32
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88  
11
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV  
99+
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
58  
99+
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58  
99+
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
58  
99+
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm  
14
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm  
8
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm  
21
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu  
99+
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm  
38
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
31
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
270.00 MPa  
17
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa  
99+
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa  
99+
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa  
99+
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
27
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
1,071.00 K  
99+
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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