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Ruthenium vs Cerium

Ruthenium
Cerium
Cerium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Ce   
Group Number
8   
10
Not Available   
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440451   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Discovery
In 1844   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
0.00 %   
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
33
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Moderately Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
In Bone
Not Available   
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
795.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
3,257.00 °C   
23
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
2.50   
14
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
186.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
210.00 MPa   
32
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Ce   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
30   
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.12   
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.08   
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.88   
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
2.84 eV   
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
58   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
58   
99+
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
82   
99+
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
58   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
181.80 pm   
12
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
204.00 pm   
8
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
235.00 pm   
17
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
140.12 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
362.00 pm   
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
6.55 g/cm3   
38
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
1.04 (Pa)   
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
13.50 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
21.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
33.60 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.24   
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
6.77   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
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