Cerium vs Gold
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce
Au
Group Number
Not Available
11
7
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440451
99+
7440575
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Unknown
Discovery
In 1803
Before 6000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
18
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
33
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
30
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.
14
0.02 p.p.m.
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C
99+
1,064.43 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C
23
2,807.00 °C
36
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gold
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa
99+
194.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa
32
216.00 MPa
31
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s
99+
2,030.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
95.00 %
2
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce
Au
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
30
9
36
3
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12
99+
2.54
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08
31
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.87
7
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.92
5
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88
11
1.46
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol
99+
890.10 kJ/mol
8
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol
22
Not Available
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol
21
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr
99+
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV
39
5.10 eV
4
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58
99+
79
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
58
99+
79
37
Number of Neutrons
82
99+
118
23
Number of Electrons
58
99+
79
37
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm
12
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm
8
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm
17
166.00 pm
39
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu
99+
196.97 amu
33
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol
17
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)
99+
43.40 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm
34
407.82 pm
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.61
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3
99+
19.30 g/cm3
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3
38
17.31 g/cm3
6
Tensile Strength
Not Available
120.00 MPa
15
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
34
0.00 (Pa)
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)
13
67.00 (Pa)
4
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa
99+
27.00 GPa
27
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa
99+
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa
99+
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.24
27
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.77
99+
19.32
8
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m
3
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K
23
25.42 J/mol·K
40
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K
99+
318.00 W/m·K
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol
16
324.40 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol
99+
12.55 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol
23
364.00 kJ/mol
25
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K
12
47.40 J/mol.K
32
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