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Gold vs Promethium


Promethium vs Gold


Periodic Table

Symbol
Au   
Pm   

Group Number
11   
7
Not Available   

Period Number
6   
6   

Block
d block   
f block   

Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   

CAS Number
7440575   
31
7440122   
99+

Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Not Available   

Space Group Number
225.00   
2
Not Available   

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  

Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Unknown   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   

Discovery
Before 6000 BCE   
In 1942   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
Not Available   

Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
21
Not Available   

Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
18
Not Available   

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  

Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   

Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
NA   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   

In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37

In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
Not Available   

Physical Properties

Melting Point
1,064.43 °C   
99+
1,042.00 °C   
99+

Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C   
36
3,000.00 °C   
31

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Gold   
Unknown   

Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
Not Available   

Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa   
99+
Not Available   

Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa   
31
Not Available   

Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   

Optical Properties
  
  

Reflectivity
95.00 %   
2
Not Available   

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Au   
Pm   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
36   
3
27   
12

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
2.54   
1
Not Available   

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.07   
32

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87   
7
Not Available   

Allen Electronegativity
1.92   
5
Not Available   

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
1.46   
99+
Not Available   

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38

Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36

Electron Work Function
5.10 eV   
4
Not Available   

Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
79   
37
61   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   

Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   

Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
79   
37
61   
99+

Number of Neutrons
118   
23
84   
40

Number of Electrons
79   
37
61   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
183.00 pm   
10

Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
199.00 pm   
12

Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm   
39
236.00 pm   
16

Atomic Weight
196.97 amu   
33
145.00 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
22.39 cm3/mol   
12

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Platinum
  
Neodymium
  

Next Element
Mercury
  
Samarium
  

Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
44.10 (-eV)   
39

Lattice Constant
407.82 pm   
21
Not Available   

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Unknown   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3   
15
7.26 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3   
6
Not Available   

Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)   
4
Not Available   

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa   
27
18.00 GPa   
36

Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
33.00 GPa   
36

Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
46.00 GPa   
38

Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.28   
17

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
19.32   
8
7.26   
99+

Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+

Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
Not Available   

Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
50.00 kJ/mol   
21

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33

Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
Not Available   

Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K   
3
17.90 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
Not Available   

Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
310.00 kJ/mol   
34

Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
Not Available   

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