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Promethium vs Copper

Promethium
Copper
Copper vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Cu  
Group Number
3  
15
11  
7
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7440508  
37
Space Group Name
-  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
-  
Discovery
In 1942  
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
12
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
17
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
10
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
Physical
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
1,084.62 °C  
40
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
32
2,562.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Copper  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
235.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
343.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,810.00 m/s  
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
1.10  
99+
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
90.00 %  
4
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Cu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.90  
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.49  
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.85  
12
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.10  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
6th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
7th Energy level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
9th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
10th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
11th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
12th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
13th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
14th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
18th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
19th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
20th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
21st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
22nd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
23rd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
24th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
25th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
26th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
27th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
28th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
29th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
30th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.30 eV  
5
4.65 eV  
16
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
61  
99+
29  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
29  
99+
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
35  
99+
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
29  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
12
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
132.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
20
140.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
63.55 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
40
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
-  
361.49 pm  
39
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.28  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
210.00 MPa  
19
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
1.53 (Pa)  
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
48.00 GPa  
15
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
99+
140.00 GPa  
12
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
120.00 GPa  
19
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.34  
10
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
8.89  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
19
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
31
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
Molar Heat Capacity
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
401.00 W/m·K  
2
Critical Temperature
1,315.00 K  
99+
1,358.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
Standard Molar Entropy
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
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