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Promethium vs Mercury

Promethium
Mercury
Mercury vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Hg  
Group Number
3  
15
12  
6
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7439976  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
R_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Ancient Chinese and Indians  
Discovery
In 1942  
Before 2000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.09 %  
2
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.05 %  
9
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
23
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.45 p.p.m.  
23
Physical
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
-38.83 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
32
356.58 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Liquid  
Color
-  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
5.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
0.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
1,451.40 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
1.00  
99+
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
73.00 %  
10
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Hg  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.81  
17
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.44  
34
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
4
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,810.00 kJ/mol  
21
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
20
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
100,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
16th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
24
18th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
20
20th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
11
21st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
33
22nd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
8
23rd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
36
24th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
25th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
26th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
27th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
2
28th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
5
29th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
6
30th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
3.74 g/amp-hr  
10
Electron Work Function
5.30 eV  
5
4.49 eV  
20
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
61  
99+
80  
36
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
80  
36
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
121  
23
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
80  
36
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
12
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
132.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
20
155.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
200.59 amu  
32
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
14.82 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Gold
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Thallium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
40
28.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
-  
300.50 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
0.42  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
13.53 g/cm3  
25
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
13.55 g/cm3  
27
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
15.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
4
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
99+
25.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
45.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
13.53  
27
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
20
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
961.00 nΩ·m  
1
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.14 J/(kg K)  
39
Molar Heat Capacity
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
27.98 J/mol·K  
16
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
8.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,315.00 K  
99+
1,750.00 K  
33
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
60.40 µm/(m·K)  
5
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
56.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
2.29 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
61.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
75.80 J/mol.K  
6
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