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Cerium vs Palladium

Cerium
Palladium
Palladium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce  
Pd  
Group Number
3  
15
10  
8
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440451  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
33
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
795.00 °C  
99+
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C  
24
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa  
99+
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa  
99+
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.20  
9
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
68.00 %  
15
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ce  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.12  
37
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08  
32
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88  
11
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV  
99+
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
58  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
58  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm  
14
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm  
8
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm  
21
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm  
38
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
31
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
270.00 MPa  
17
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa  
99+
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa  
99+
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
27
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
1,071.00 K  
99+
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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