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Palladium vs Cerium

Palladium
Cerium
Cerium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Ce  
Group Number
10  
8
3  
15
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7440451  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
Physical
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
795.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
34
3,257.00 °C  
24
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
40
186.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
99+
210.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
38
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
25
2.20  
9
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
68.00 %  
15
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Ce  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.12  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.12  
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
22
1.08  
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.12  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
25
1.12  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.88  
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
6th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
7th Energy level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
22nd Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
24th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
7
2.84 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
46  
99+
58  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
58  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
99+
181.80 pm  
14
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
204.00 pm  
8
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
235.00 pm  
21
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
140.12 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
28
362.00 pm  
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.56  
99+
1.59  
31
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
31
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
38
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
550.00 MPa  
8
270.00 MPa  
17
Viscosity
0.00  
14
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
29
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
1.04 (Pa)  
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
13.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
21.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
18
33.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.24  
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
33
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
0.00  
27
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,825.00 K  
26
1,071.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
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