Cesium Hafnium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cs
Hf
Group Number
1
17
4
14
Period Number
6
6
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkali
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440462
40
7440586
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
Not Available
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product Zirconium Refining
History
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Discovery
In 1860
In 1922
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
8 * 10-8 %
24
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000008 %
20
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
35
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
17
0.00 %
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
17
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- The most common use of cesium metal is as a drilling fluid. It is also used in optical glass manufacturing.
- In vacuum tubes and radiation monitor equipment this metal is used as a catalyst promoter.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
28
Not Available
In Bone
0.05 p.p.m.
26
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
28.50 °C
99+
2,150.00 °C
10
Boiling Point
678.40 °C
99+
5,400.00 °C
5
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gold
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.20
25
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
0.14 MPa
99+
1,450.00 MPa
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,520.00 MPa
5
Speed of Sound
Not Available
3,010.00 m/s
27
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cs
Hf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36
3
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.79
99+
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.22
33
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.86
99+
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.62
26
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
0.66
99+
1.16
37
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.21
2
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol
99+
658.50 kJ/mol
40
2nd Energy Level
2,234.30 kJ/mol
8
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,400.00 kJ/mol
16
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.96 g/amp-hr
3
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
2.14 eV
99+
3.90 eV
27
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
55
99+
72
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
55
99+
72
99+
Number of Neutrons
78
99+
106
29
Number of Electrons
55
99+
72
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
265.00 pm
1
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
244.00 pm
2
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
343.00 pm
2
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
132.91 amu
99+
178.49 amu
39
Atomic Volume
71.07 cm3/mol
1
13.60 cm3/mol
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
8.62 (-eV)
99+
81.00 (-eV)
16
Lattice Constant
614.10 pm
5
319.64 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.93 g/cm3
99+
13.31 g/cm3
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.84 g/cm3
99+
12.00 g/cm3
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available
445.00 MPa
8
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
24
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
1.60 GPa
99+
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
1.70 GPa
99+
78.00 GPa
25
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.87
99+
13.31
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
205.00 nΩ·m
17
331.00 nΩ·m
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
35
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Electron Affinity
45.50 kJ/mol
25
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
Molar Heat Capacity
32.21 J/mol·K
4
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Thermal Conductivity
35.90 W/m·K
36
23.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
1,938.00 K
5
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
97.00 µm/(m·K)
1
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
65.90 kJ/mol
99+
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.10 kJ/mol
99+
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
78.20 kJ/mol
99+
703.00 kJ/mol
5
Standard Molar Entropy
85.20 J/mol.K
3
43.60 J/mol.K
34
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