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Cesium vs Hafnium

Cesium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Cesium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cs  
Hf  
Group Number
1  
17
4  
14
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440462  
40
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
Cesium is the most alkaline metal and is used in atomic clocks.  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1860  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The most common use of cesium metal is as a drilling fluid. It is also used in optical glass manufacturing.
  • In vacuum tubes and radiation monitor equipment this metal is used as a catalyst promoter.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
28
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.05 p.p.m.  
31
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
28.50 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
678.40 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gold  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.20  
27
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
0.14 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
0.14 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
1,630.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.93  
17
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
35.00 %  
34
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cs  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.79  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.22  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.86  
99+
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.62  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.66  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.21  
2
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
2,234.30 kJ/mol  
8
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
3,760.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
3,757.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
3,757.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
37,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
3,757.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
375.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
375.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.96 g/amp-hr  
3
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.14 eV  
99+
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
55  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
55  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
78  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
55  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
265.00 pm  
2
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
244.00 pm  
2
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
343.00 pm  
2
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
132.91 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
71.07 cm3/mol  
1
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Tin
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Barium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
8.62 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
614.10 pm  
5
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.87  
3
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.93 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.84 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa  
99+
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
1.60 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
1.70 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.87  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
205.00 nΩ·m  
17
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
45.50 kJ/mol  
30
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
32.21 J/mol·K  
6
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.90 W/m·K  
37
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,938.00 K  
22
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
97.00 µm/(m·K)  
1
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
65.90 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
78.20 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
85.20 J/mol.K  
3
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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