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Chromium Rhodium Comparison

Chromium
Rhodium
Rhodium Chromium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr  
Rh  
Group Number
6  
12
9  
9
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440473  
39
7440166  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798  
In 1804  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %  
7
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
16
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C  
14
1,966.00 °C  
12
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C  
99+
3,727.00 °C  
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50  
1
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa  
18
980.00 MPa  
10
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa  
17
1,100.00 MPa  
15
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s  
8
4,700.00 m/s  
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.97  
2
2.40  
7
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cr  
Rh  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
16  
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66  
19
2.28  
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66  
17
2.28  
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56  
11
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.66  
19
2.28  
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.56  
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34  
36
1.72  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
23rd Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
25th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
26th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
27th Energy Level
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
28th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
29th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
30th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.98 eV  
10
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
24  
99+
45  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24  
99+
45  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Electrons
24  
99+
45  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
142.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu  
99+
102.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Ruthenium
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Palladium
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)  
4
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm  
99+
380.34 pm  
30
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.73  
7
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
12.41 g/cm3  
30
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
10.70 g/cm3  
35
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa  
7
951.00 MPa  
5
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
26
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)  
1
0.02 (Pa)  
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa  
9
150.00 GPa  
6
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
275.00 GPa  
5
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa  
8
380.00 GPa  
5
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.26  
22
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19  
99+
12.41  
32
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
10
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K  
17
150.00 W/m·K  
9
Critical Temperature
1,907.00 K  
24
2,237.00 K  
13
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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