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Rhodium Chromium Comparison

Rhodium
Chromium
Chromium Rhodium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh  
Cr  
Group Number
9  
9
6  
12
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440166  
99+
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1804  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C  
12
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C  
17
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa  
10
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa  
15
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s  
19
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.40  
7
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rh  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28  
4
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.28  
5
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.28  
4
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
1.56  
27
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72  
99+
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
45  
99+
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
45  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
58  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
45  
99+
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu  
99+
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ruthenium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Palladium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm  
30
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.73  
7
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3  
30
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3  
35
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa  
5
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)  
19
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa  
6
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa  
5
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa  
5
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.41  
32
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K  
9
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
2,237.00 K  
13
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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