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Chromium vs Gold

Chromium
Gold
Gold vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr  
Au  
Group Number
6  
12
11  
7
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440473  
39
7440575  
31
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
-  
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Before 6000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
21
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
Physical
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C  
14
1,064.43 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C  
99+
2,807.00 °C  
37
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gold  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50  
1
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa  
18
194.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa  
17
216.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s  
8
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.97  
2
0.47  
99+
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
95.00 %  
2
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cr  
Au  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66  
19
2.54  
2
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66  
17
1.50  
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56  
11
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.87  
15
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.92  
7
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34  
36
1.46  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
23rd Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
24th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
25th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
26th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
27th Energy Level
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
28th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
29th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
30th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
5.10 eV  
8
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
24  
99+
79  
37
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24  
99+
79  
37
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
118  
24
Number of Electrons
24  
99+
79  
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
166.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu  
99+
196.97 amu  
33
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)  
4
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm  
99+
407.82 pm  
24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
19.30 g/cm3  
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
17.31 g/cm3  
16
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa  
7
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
26
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)  
1
67.00 (Pa)  
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa  
9
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa  
8
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19  
99+
19.32  
17
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
10
0.00  
22
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K  
17
318.00 W/m·K  
3
Critical Temperature
1,907.00 K  
24
1,337.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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