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Gold vs Chromium

Gold
Chromium
Chromium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au  
Cr  
Group Number
11  
7
6  
12
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440575  
31
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C  
99+
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C  
37
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gold  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa  
99+
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa  
99+
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
0.47  
99+
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
95.00 %  
2
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Au  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54  
2
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87  
15
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
1.92  
7
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46  
99+
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV  
8
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
79  
37
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79  
37
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
118  
24
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
79  
37
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu  
33
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm  
24
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3  
15
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3  
16
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)  
4
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32  
17
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
22
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K  
3
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
1,337.00 K  
99+
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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