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Gold vs Chromium

Gold
Chromium
Chromium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au   
Cr   
Group Number
11   
7
6   
12
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440575   
31
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
18
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C   
99+
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C   
36
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gold   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa   
99+
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa   
31
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
95.00 %   
2
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36   
3
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54   
1
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.56   
10
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87   
7
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.92   
5
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46   
99+
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV   
4
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79   
37
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79   
37
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
118   
23
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
79   
37
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm   
39
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu   
33
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm   
21
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3   
15
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3   
6
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa   
15
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)   
4
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa   
27
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32   
8
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
NA   
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K   
3
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
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