Gold Chromium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Au
Cr
Group Number
11
7
6
12
Period Number
6
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440575
31
7440473
39
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE
In Between 1797 - 1798
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
1.5 * 10-3 %
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.002 %
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.30 %
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.01 %
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
18
0.00 %
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3
12
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
30
0.33 p.p.m.
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C
99+
1,857.00 °C
14
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C
36
2,672.00 °C
39
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gold
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
8.50
1
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa
99+
687.00 MPa
16
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa
31
1,060.00 MPa
10
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s
99+
5,940.00 m/s
5
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
95.00 %
2
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au
Cr
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36
3
21
18
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54
1
1.66
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.66
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.56
10
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87
7
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.92
5
1.65
19
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46
99+
2.34
36
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol
8
26,130.00 kJ/mol
1
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
28,750.00 kJ/mol
1
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
34,230.00 kJ/mol
1
4th Energy Level
Not Available
37,066.00 kJ/mol
1
5th Energy Level
Not Available
97,510.00 kJ/mol
1
6th Energy Level
Not Available
105,800.00 kJ/mol
1
7th Energy level
Not Available
114,300.00 kJ/mol
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available
125,300.00 kJ/mol
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available
134,700.00 kJ/mol
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available
144,300.00 kJ/mol
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available
26,130.00 kJ/mol
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available
28,750.00 kJ/mol
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available
34,230.00 kJ/mol
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available
37,066.00 kJ/mol
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available
97,510.00 kJ/mol
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available
105,800.00 kJ/mol
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available
114,300.00 kJ/mol
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available
125,300.00 kJ/mol
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available
134,700.00 kJ/mol
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available
144,300.00 kJ/mol
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available
157,700.00 kJ/mol
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
166,090.00 kJ/mol
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
0.32 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV
4
4.50 eV
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79
37
24
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
79
37
24
99+
Number of Neutrons
118
23
28
99+
Number of Electrons
79
37
24
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
128.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm
40
139.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm
39
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu
33
52.00 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
7.23 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)
99+
170.00 (-eV)
4
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm
21
291.00 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61
4
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3
15
7.19 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3
6
6.30 g/cm3
40
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa
15
689.00 MPa
7
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
0.00 (Pa)
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)
4
774.00 (Pa)
1
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa
27
115.00 GPa
9
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
160.00 GPa
11
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
279.00 GPa
8
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.21
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.32
8
7.19
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Antiferromagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
NA
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
125.00 nΩ·m
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
0.08 106/cm Ω
25
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
64.30 kJ/mol
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.45 J/(kg K)
12
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K
40
23.35 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K
3
93.90 W/m·K
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
4.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol
27
348.80 kJ/mol
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol
27
15.31 kJ/mol
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol
25
397.50 kJ/mol
21
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K
32
23.80 J/mol.K
99+
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