Symbol
Cu
  
Al
  
Period Number
4
  
3
  
Block
d block
  
p block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Post-Transition
  
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
  
Fm_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
- Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
- Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
- It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals
  
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown
  
Hans Christian Oersted
  
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
  
In 1825
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
- Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
  
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
  
8
0.39 Blood/mg dm-3
  
9
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.
  
12
27.00 p.p.m.
  
11
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C
  
40
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C
  
99+
2,467.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Copper
  
Silvery Gray
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
160.00 MPa
  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s
  
19
5,000.00 m/s
  
10
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Cu
  
Al
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol
  
22
577.50 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol
  
15
1,816.70 kJ/mol
  
19
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol
  
15
2,744.80 kJ/mol
  
38
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol
  
12
11,577.00 kJ/mol
  
3
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol
  
11
14,842.00 kJ/mol
  
2
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol
  
10
18,379.00 kJ/mol
  
2
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol
  
7
23,326.00 kJ/mol
  
2
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol
  
9
27,465.00 kJ/mol
  
2
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol
  
9
31,853.00 kJ/mol
  
2
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol
  
11
38,473.00 kJ/mol
  
4
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol
  
13
42,647.00 kJ/mol
  
5
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol
  
9
Not Available
  
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol
  
11
Not Available
  
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr
  
99+
0.34 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
  
[Ne] 3s2 3p1
  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100
  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Aluminium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol
  
99+
10.00 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)
  
99+
80.70 (-eV)
  
17
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3
  
99+
2.70 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.38 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
  
5
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6
  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m
  
99+
28.20 nΩ·m
  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω
  
2
0.38 106/cm Ω
  
4
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
  
1
42.50 kJ/mol
  
26
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)
  
15
0.90 J/(kg K)
  
5
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K
  
99+
24.20 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K
  
2
237.00 W/m·K
  
4
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)
  
25
23.10 µm/(m·K)
  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol
  
33
293.70 kJ/mol
  
31
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol
  
99+
10.67 kJ/mol
  
35
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol
  
29
322.20 kJ/mol
  
31
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K
  
99+
28.30 J/mol.K
  
99+