Symbol
Cu
Cs
Group Number
111
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
46
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkali
CAS Number
74405087440462
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00229.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
Cesium is the most alkaline metal and is used in atomic clocks.
Sources
Found in Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
-
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In 1860
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- The most common use of cesium metal is as a drilling fluid. It is also used in optical glass manufacturing.
-
In vacuum tubes and radiation monitor equipment this metal is used as a catalyst promoter.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Mildly Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.0.05 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C28.50 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C678.40 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Copper
Silvery Gold
Luster
-
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.000.20
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa0.14 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa0.14 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s1,630.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.101.93
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
90.00 %35.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Cu
Cs
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2936
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.900.79
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.980.22
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.750.86
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.490.62
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.850.66
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.103.21
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol2,234.30 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol3,400.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol3,760.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol3,757.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol3,757.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol37,500.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol3,757.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol375.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol375.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr4.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV2.14 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
2955
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Xe] 6s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
2955
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
3578
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
2955
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm265.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm244.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm343.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu132.91 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol71.07 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)8.62 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm614.10 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.281.87
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm31.93 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm31.84 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
210.00 MPa15.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa30.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa1.60 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa1.70 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.340.35
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.891.87
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m205.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol45.50 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K32.21 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K35.90 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,358.00 K1,938.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)97.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol65.90 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol2.10 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol78.20 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K85.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻