Erbium vs Cerium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Er
Ce
Group Number
Not Available
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440520
35
7440451
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
Sources
Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Discovery
In 1842
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
36
0.00 %
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
32
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
36
0.00 %
33
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic
Moderately Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
30
In Bone
Not Available
2.70 p.p.m.
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C
28
795.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C
99+
3,257.00 °C
23
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa
11
186.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa
19
210.00 MPa
32
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s
28
2,100.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er
Ce
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
31
8
30
9
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24
36
1.12
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.08
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76
18
2.88
11
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol
99+
534.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
3,547.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,325.00 kJ/mol
22
6th Energy Level
Not Available
7,490.00 kJ/mol
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr
28
1.74 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
2.84 eV
39
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68
99+
58
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
68
99+
58
99+
Number of Neutrons
99
33
82
99+
Number of Electrons
68
99+
58
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
181.80 pm
12
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm
19
204.00 pm
8
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
235.00 pm
17
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu
99+
140.12 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol
25
20.67 cm3/mol
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)
29
41.78 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm
39
362.00 pm
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3
99+
6.77 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3
23
6.55 g/cm3
38
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
20
0.00 (Pa)
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
1.04 (Pa)
13
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa
25
13.50 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa
27
21.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa
29
33.60 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24
28
0.24
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.07
32
6.77
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m
99+
828.00 nΩ·m
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)
34
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K
11
26.94 J/mol·K
23
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K
99+
11.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)
31
6.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol
35
414.00 kJ/mol
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol
15
5.46 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol
33
381.00 kJ/mol
23
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K
11
72.00 J/mol.K
12
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