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Erbium vs Cobalt

Erbium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er  
Co  
Group Number
3  
15
9  
9
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440520  
35
7440484  
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Mining  
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Georg Brandt  
Discovery
In 1842  
In 1732  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.06 %  
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
20
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
Physical
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C  
28
1,495.00 °C  
29
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C  
99+
2,870.00 °C  
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
5.00  
8
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa  
12
470.00 MPa  
31
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa  
30
1,043.00 MPa  
18
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s  
99+
4,720.00 m/s  
18
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.76  
24
2.50  
5
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-Cobalt  
β Allotropes
-  
β-Cobalt  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Er  
Co  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24  
37
1.88  
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.24  
29
2.56  
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.70  
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.24  
36
1.88  
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.24  
99+
1.84  
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76  
18
2.12  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
5th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
6th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
9th Energy Level
4,240.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
19th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
21st Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
19
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
23rd Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
24th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
25th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
26th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
27th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
28th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
29th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
30th Energy Level
589.70 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr  
32
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.93 eV  
2
5.00 eV  
9
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Atomic
Atomic Number
68  
99+
22  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68  
99+
22  
99+
Number of Neutrons
99  
34
26  
99+
Number of Electrons
68  
99+
22  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
147.00 pm  
36
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm  
19
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu  
99+
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol  
37
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)  
30
95.20 (-eV)  
10
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm  
99+
295.08 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.26  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3  
99+
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
350.00 MPa  
12
434.00 MPa  
10
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.98 (Pa)  
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa  
31
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa  
31
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa  
31
116.00 GPa  
20
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
28
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07  
99+
4,500.00  
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
3
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)  
35
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K  
14
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,802.00 K  
30
1,768.00 K  
32
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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