Erbium vs Gadolinium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Er
Gd
Group Number
Not Available
0
18
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440520
35
7440542
33
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
Sources
Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Discovery
In 1842
In 1880
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
36
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
32
0.00 %
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
36
0.00 %
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C
28
1,311.00 °C
35
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C
99+
3,233.00 °C
25
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa
11
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa
19
510.00 MPa
22
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s
28
2,680.00 m/s
34
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er
Gd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
31
8
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24
36
1.20
39
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.11
29
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76
18
2.80
15
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol
99+
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr
28
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
Electron Work Function
Not Available
3.10 eV
35
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68
99+
64
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
68
99+
64
99+
Number of Neutrons
99
33
93
37
Number of Electrons
68
99+
64
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm
19
196.00 pm
14
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu
99+
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol
25
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)
29
46.10 (-eV)
34
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm
39
363.60 pm
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
1.59
9
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3
99+
7.90 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3
23
7.40 g/cm3
31
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
20
0.00 (Pa)
30
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
7.39 (Pa)
9
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa
25
21.80 GPa
33
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa
27
37.90 GPa
34
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa
29
54.80 GPa
35
Poisson Ratio
0.24
28
0.26
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.07
32
7.90
40
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m
99+
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)
34
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K
11
37.03 J/mol·K
2
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K
99+
10.60 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)
31
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol
35
359.40 kJ/mol
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol
15
10.05 kJ/mol
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol
33
352.00 kJ/mol
27
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K
11
68.10 J/mol.K
16
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