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Erbium vs Gold

Erbium
Gold
Gold vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er   
Au   
Group Number
Not Available   
11   
7
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440520   
35
7440575   
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Mining   
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1842   
Before 6000 BCE   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
6 * 10-8 %   
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
In Bone
Not Available   
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C   
28
1,064.43 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C   
99+
2,807.00 °C   
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gold   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
2.50   
14
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa   
11
194.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa   
19
216.00 MPa   
31
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s   
28
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
95.00 %   
2
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er   
Au   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
36   
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24   
36
2.54   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.42   
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.87   
7
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.92   
5
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76   
18
1.46   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
5.10 eV   
4
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68   
99+
79   
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68   
99+
79   
37
Number of Neutrons
99   
33
118   
23
Number of Electrons
68   
99+
79   
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm   
19
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
166.00 pm   
39
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu   
99+
196.97 amu   
33
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)   
29
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm   
39
407.82 pm   
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
1.61   
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
19.30 g/cm3   
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3   
23
17.31 g/cm3   
6
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
120.00 MPa   
15
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
20
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
67.00 (Pa)   
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa   
25
27.00 GPa   
27
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa   
27
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa   
29
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
28
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07   
32
19.32   
8
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
318.00 W/m·K   
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
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