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Erbium vs Protactinium

Erbium
Protactinium
Protactinium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er   
Pa   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440520   
35
7440133   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
I4/mmm   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
139.00   
8
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
  • Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
  
Sources
Mining   
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1842   
In 1900   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C   
28
1,568.00 °C   
21
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C   
99+
4,027.00 °C   
12
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa   
11
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa   
19
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s   
28
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er   
Pa   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24   
36
1.50   
27
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.14   
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76   
18
2.50   
27
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
568.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,128.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,814.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
2,991.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
1.72 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68   
99+
91   
27
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Tetragonal (TETR)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Protactinium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68   
99+
91   
27
Number of Neutrons
99   
33
122   
21
Number of Electrons
68   
99+
91   
27
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
163.00 pm   
25
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm   
19
200.00 pm   
11
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
243.00 pm   
11
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu   
99+
231.04 amu   
24
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Thorium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Uranium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)   
29
92.00 (-eV)   
11
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm   
39
392.50 pm   
23
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
15.37 g/cm3   
20
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3   
23
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
20
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa   
25
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa   
27
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa   
29
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
28
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
Unknown   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07   
32
15.37   
12
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
177.00 nΩ·m   
21
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω   
34
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
47.00 W/m·K   
32
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
9.90 µm/(m·K)   
40
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
12.34 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
198.10 J/mol.K   
1
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