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Erbium vs Rubidium

Erbium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er   
Rb   
Group Number
Not Available   
1   
17
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
s block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7440520   
35
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Mining   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
In 1842   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
32
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
Not Available   
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C   
28
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C   
99+
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Grayish White   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa   
11
0.22 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa   
19
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s   
28
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24   
36
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76   
18
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
Not Available   
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68   
99+
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68   
99+
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
99   
33
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
68   
99+
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm   
19
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu   
99+
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)   
29
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm   
39
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3   
23
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
20
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa   
25
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa   
27
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa   
29
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
28
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07   
32
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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