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Erbium vs Thorium

Erbium
Thorium
Thorium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er  
Th  
Group Number
3  
15
0  
18
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440520  
35
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1842  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
32
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C  
28
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa  
12
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa  
30
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.76  
24
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Er  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24  
37
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.24  
29
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.24  
36
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.24  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76  
18
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
4,240.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
19
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
589.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr  
32
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
5.93 eV  
2
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
68  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
99  
34
142  
16
Number of Electrons
68  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm  
19
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm  
99+
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol  
37
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)  
30
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
350.00 MPa  
12
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa  
31
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa  
31
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa  
31
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
28
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)  
35
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K  
14
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,802.00 K  
30
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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