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Erbium vs Zinc

Erbium
Zinc
Zinc vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er  
Zn  
Group Number
Not Available  
12  
6
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440520  
35
7440666  
24
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
  
Sources
Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Indian metallurgists  
Discovery
In 1842  
Before 1000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %  
22
3 * 10-5 %  
11
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %  
26
~0.0002 %  
10
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.02 %  
12
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
32
0.01 %  
16
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Humans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
6
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
  • It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
Not Available  
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
6
In Bone
Not Available  
170.00 p.p.m.  
6
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C  
28
419.58 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C  
99+
907.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available  
2.50  
14
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa  
11
327.00 MPa  
32
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa  
19
Not Available  
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s  
28
3,850.00 m/s  
18
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available  
1.00  
2
Reflectivity
Not Available  
80.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er  
Zn  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24  
36
1.65  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available  
2.23  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
29
1.66  
7
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.65  
11
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.59  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76  
18
2.35  
35
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
906.40 kJ/mol  
6
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,733.30 kJ/mol  
27
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,833.00 kJ/mol  
12
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,731.00 kJ/mol  
11
5th Energy Level
Not Available  
7,970.00 kJ/mol  
9
6th Energy Level
Not Available  
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
9
7th Energy level
Not Available  
12,900.00 kJ/mol  
9
8th Energy Level
Not Available  
16,800.00 kJ/mol  
6
9th Energy Level
Not Available  
19,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
10th Energy Level
Not Available  
23,000.00 kJ/mol  
10
11th Energy Level
Not Available  
26,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
12th Energy Level
Not Available  
29,990.00 kJ/mol  
11
13th Energy Level
Not Available  
40,490.00 kJ/mol  
5
14th Energy Level
Not Available  
43,800.00 kJ/mol  
6
15th Energy Level
Not Available  
47,300.00 kJ/mol  
8
16th Energy Level
Not Available  
52,300.00 kJ/mol  
9
17th Energy Level
Not Available  
55,900.00 kJ/mol  
10
18th Energy Level
Not Available  
59,700.00 kJ/mol  
11
19th Energy Level
Not Available  
67,300.00 kJ/mol  
10
20th Energy Level
Not Available  
171,200.00 kJ/mol  
1
21st Energy Level
Not Available  
179,100.00 kJ/mol  
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr  
28
1.22 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available  
4.33 eV  
17
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68  
99+
30  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
[Ar] 3d10 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68  
99+
30  
99+
Number of Neutrons
99  
33
35  
99+
Number of Electrons
68  
99+
30  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
18
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm  
19
122.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available  
139.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu  
99+
65.38 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol  
25
9.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Copper
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Gallium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)  
29
38.90 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm  
39
266.49 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
17
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
7.14 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3  
23
6.57 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
20
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa  
25
43.00 GPa  
18
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa  
27
70.00 GPa  
19
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa  
29
108.00 GPa  
19
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
28
0.25  
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
NA  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07  
32
6.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
59.00 nΩ·m  
40
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.17 106/cm Ω  
12
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
0.00 kJ/mol  
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)  
34
0.39 J/(kg K)  
14
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K  
11
25.47 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
116.00 W/m·K  
14
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
31
30.20 µm/(m·K)  
11
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol  
35
7.32 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
7.32 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol  
33
129.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
41.60 J/mol.K  
36
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