Gadolinium Ruthenium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd
Ru
Group Number
0
18
8
10
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440542
33
7440188
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Karl Ernst Claus
Discovery
In 1880
In 1844
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
4 * 10-7 %
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %
25
~0.0000005 %
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
30
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C
35
2,250.00 °C
8
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C
25
3,900.00 °C
14
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
6.50
5
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
2,160.00 MPa
3
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa
22
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s
34
5,970.00 m/s
4
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd
Ru
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20
39
2.20
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.42
18
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.54
25
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80
15
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
710.20 kJ/mol
32
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
710.22 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol
37
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
1.26 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
4.71 eV
9
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64
99+
44
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
64
99+
44
99+
Number of Neutrons
93
37
57
99+
Number of Electrons
64
99+
44
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm
14
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu
99+
101.07 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)
34
64.00 (-eV)
22
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm
32
270.59 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
9
1.58
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3
99+
12.45 g/cm3
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3
31
10.65 g/cm3
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)
9
0.00 (Pa)
23
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa
33
173.00 GPa
4
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa
34
220.00 GPa
7
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa
35
447.00 GPa
3
Poisson Ratio
0.26
23
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.90
40
12.45
19
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
71.00 nΩ·m
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω
16
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
101.30 kJ/mol
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
0.24 J/(kg K)
24
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K
2
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K
99+
117.00 W/m·K
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
6.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol
21
567.80 kJ/mol
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol
36
25.50 kJ/mol
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol
27
603.00 kJ/mol
9
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K
16
28.50 J/mol.K
99+
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