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Gadolinium vs Palladium

Gadolinium
Palladium
Palladium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd  
Pd  
Group Number
0  
18
10  
8
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440542  
33
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1880  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C  
35
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C  
26
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.50  
10
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa  
34
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.97  
16
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
59.00 %  
24
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Gd  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20  
40
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.20  
32
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.20  
39
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.20  
99+
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80  
15
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
64  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
93  
38
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
64  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm  
14
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)  
35
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm  
35
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
29
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
158.00 MPa  
23
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
32
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)  
9
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa  
99+
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa  
38
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
23
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
4
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
1,585.00 K  
38
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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