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Palladium vs Gadolinium

Palladium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd   
Gd   
Group Number
10   
8
0   
18
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440053   
99+
7440542   
33
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1880   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %   
24
~0.0000002 %   
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
30
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C   
22
1,311.00 °C   
35
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C   
33
3,233.00 °C   
25
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75   
9
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa   
33
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa   
36
510.00 MPa   
22
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s   
26
2,680.00 m/s   
34
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72   
1
Not Available   
Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd   
Gd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38   
1
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.20   
39
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35   
21
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.80   
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV   
3
3.10 eV   
35
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46   
99+
64   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10   
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Neutrons
60   
99+
93   
37
Number of Electrons
46   
99+
64   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm   
40
180.00 pm   
14
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
196.00 pm   
14
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
46.10 (-eV)   
34
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm   
25
363.60 pm   
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
9
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3   
29
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3   
17
7.40 g/cm3   
31
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
7.39 (Pa)   
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
21.80 GPa   
33
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
37.90 GPa   
34
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa   
16
54.80 GPa   
35
Poisson Ratio
0.39   
5
0.26   
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02   
21
7.90   
40
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K   
23
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
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