Gadolinium vs Copper
Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd
Cu
Group Number
0
18
11
7
Period Number
6
4
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440542
33
7440508
37
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Unknown
Discovery
In 1880
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
6 * 10-6 %
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %
25
~0.00007 %
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
34
0.01 %
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
30
0.01 %
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
8
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
8
In Bone
Not Available
26.00 p.p.m.
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C
35
1,084.62 °C
40
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C
25
2,562.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Copper
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
235.00 MPa
38
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa
22
343.00 MPa
28
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s
34
3,810.00 m/s
19
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
90.00 %
3
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd
Cu
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20
39
1.90
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.98
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.75
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.49
14
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.85
9
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80
15
2.10
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
745.50 kJ/mol
22
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,957.90 kJ/mol
15
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,555.00 kJ/mol
15
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
5,536.00 kJ/mol
12
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,700.00 kJ/mol
11
6th Energy Level
Not Available
9,900.00 kJ/mol
10
7th Energy level
Not Available
13,400.00 kJ/mol
7
8th Energy Level
Not Available
16,000.00 kJ/mol
9
9th Energy Level
Not Available
19,200.00 kJ/mol
9
10th Energy Level
Not Available
22,400.00 kJ/mol
11
11th Energy Level
Not Available
25,600.00 kJ/mol
13
12th Energy Level
Not Available
35,600.00 kJ/mol
6
13th Energy Level
Not Available
38,700.00 kJ/mol
6
14th Energy Level
Not Available
42,000.00 kJ/mol
7
15th Energy Level
Not Available
46,700.00 kJ/mol
9
16th Energy Level
Not Available
50,200.00 kJ/mol
10
17th Energy Level
Not Available
53,700.00 kJ/mol
12
18th Energy Level
Not Available
61,100.00 kJ/mol
10
19th Energy Level
Not Available
64,702.00 kJ/mol
11
20th Energy Level
Not Available
163,700.00 kJ/mol
2
21st Energy Level
Not Available
174,100.00 kJ/mol
2
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
184,900.00 kJ/mol
1
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
198,800.00 kJ/mol
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
1.19 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
4.65 eV
11
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64
99+
29
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
64
99+
29
99+
Number of Neutrons
93
37
35
99+
Number of Electrons
64
99+
29
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
128.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm
14
132.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
140.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu
99+
63.55 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
7.10 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)
34
34.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm
32
361.49 pm
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
9
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3
99+
8.96 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3
31
8.02 g/cm3
27
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
1.53 (Pa)
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)
9
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa
33
48.00 GPa
15
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa
34
140.00 GPa
12
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa
35
120.00 GPa
17
Poisson Ratio
0.26
23
0.34
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.90
40
8.89
34
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
Not Available
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
5
Susceptibility
Not Available
-9.63 * 10-6
4
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
16.78 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.60 106/cm Ω
2
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
0.38 J/(kg K)
15
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K
2
24.44 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K
99+
401.00 W/m·K
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
16.50 µm/(m·K)
25
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol
21
283.70 kJ/mol
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol
36
7.11 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol
27
338.90 kJ/mol
29
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K
16
33.20 J/mol.K
99+
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