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Copper vs Gadolinium

Copper
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Copper


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu  
Gd  
Group Number
11  
7
0  
18
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440508  
37
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
17
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C  
40
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C  
99+
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Copper  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa  
99+
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa  
99+
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.10  
99+
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
90.00 %  
4
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cu  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90  
12
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49  
27
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
12
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10  
99+
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV  
16
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
29  
99+
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
35  
99+
93  
38
Number of Electrons
29  
99+
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu  
99+
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm  
39
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.28  
99+
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
210.00 MPa  
19
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)  
8
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa  
15
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa  
12
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa  
19
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89  
99+
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
19
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
31
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K  
2
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,358.00 K  
99+
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
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