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Gadolinium vs Polonium

Gadolinium
Polonium
Polonium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd   
Po   
Group Number
0   
18
16   
2
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
p block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440542   
33
7440086   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Pm-3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
221.00   
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Discovery
In 1880   
In 1898   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
30
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C   
35
254.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C   
25
962.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa   
22
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s   
34
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-polonium   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-polonium   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd   
Po   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20   
39
2.00   
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.76   
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.48   
1
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.19   
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80   
15
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64   
99+
84   
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Monoclinic (MON)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64   
99+
84   
32
Number of Neutrons
93   
37
125   
19
Number of Electrons
64   
99+
84   
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
168.00 pm   
23
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm   
14
140.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
197.00 pm   
29
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
209.00 amu   
28
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)   
34
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm   
32
335.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
9
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3   
31
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)   
9
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa   
33
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa   
34
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa   
35
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
23
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90   
40
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
Not Available   
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