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Gadolinium vs Zirconium

Gadolinium
Zirconium
Zirconium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd   
Zr   
Group Number
0   
18
4   
14
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440542   
33
7440677   
23
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Martin Heinrich Klaproth   
Discovery
In 1880   
In 1789   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
5 * 10-6 %   
13
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
17
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
30
0.01 %   
14
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
NA   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
21
In Bone
Not Available   
0.10 p.p.m.   
23
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C   
35
1,852.00 °C   
15
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C   
25
4,377.00 °C   
11
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
638.00 MPa   
19
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa   
22
820.00 MPa   
15
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s   
34
3,800.00 m/s   
20
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd   
Zr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
24   
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20   
39
1.33   
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.90   
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.22   
26
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.32   
34
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80   
15
2.67   
24
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
640.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,270.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,218.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
3,313.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,752.00 kJ/mol   
10
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,500.00 kJ/mol   
15
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
0.85 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
4.05 eV   
26
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64   
99+
40   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
[Kr] 4d2 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64   
99+
40   
99+
Number of Neutrons
93   
37
51   
99+
Number of Electrons
64   
99+
40   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
160.00 pm   
27
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm   
14
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
91.22 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
14.10 cm3/mol   
36
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Yttrium
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Niobium
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)   
34
80.00 (-eV)   
18
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm   
32
323.20 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
9
1.59   
8
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
6.52 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3   
31
5.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)   
9
0.00 (Pa)   
21
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa   
33
33.00 GPa   
20
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa   
34
91.10 GPa   
17
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa   
35
88.00 GPa   
22
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
23
0.34   
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90   
40
6.51   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
421.00 nΩ·m   
11
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
41.10 kJ/mol   
27
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
0.27 J/(kg K)   
19
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
25.36 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
22.60 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
5.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
581.60 kJ/mol   
9
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
20.90 kJ/mol   
11
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
598.00 kJ/mol   
10
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
39.00 J/mol.K   
39
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