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Gallium Scandium Comparison

Gallium
Scandium
Scandium Gallium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga   
Sc   
Group Number
13   
5
3   
15
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440553   
32
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
64.00   
9
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1875   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
24
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
750.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
1.20   
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
31   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
Summary >>
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