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Gallium vs Zirconium

Gallium
Zirconium
Zirconium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga   
Zr   
Group Number
13   
5
4   
14
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440553   
32
7440677   
23
Space Group Name
Cmca   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
64.00   
9
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Martin Heinrich Klaproth   
Discovery
In 1875   
In 1789   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
5 * 10-6 %   
13
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
17
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
24
0.01 %   
14
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
NA   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
21
In Bone
Not Available   
0.10 p.p.m.   
23
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
1,852.00 °C   
15
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
4,377.00 °C   
11
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
638.00 MPa   
19
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
820.00 MPa   
15
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
3,800.00 m/s   
20
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga   
Zr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
24   
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
1.33   
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
0.90   
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
1.22   
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
1.32   
34
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
2.67   
24
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
640.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
1,270.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
2,218.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
3,313.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,752.00 kJ/mol   
10
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,500.00 kJ/mol   
15
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.85 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
4.05 eV   
26
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31   
99+
40   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Kr] 4d2 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31   
99+
40   
99+
Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
51   
99+
Number of Electrons
31   
99+
40   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
160.00 pm   
27
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
91.22 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
14.10 cm3/mol   
36
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Yttrium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Niobium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
80.00 (-eV)   
18
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
323.20 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
8
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
6.52 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
5.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
21
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
33.00 GPa   
20
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
91.10 GPa   
17
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
88.00 GPa   
22
Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
0.34   
10
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
6.51   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
421.00 nΩ·m   
11
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
41.10 kJ/mol   
27
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
0.27 J/(kg K)   
19
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
25.36 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
22.60 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
5.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
581.60 kJ/mol   
9
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
20.90 kJ/mol   
11
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
598.00 kJ/mol   
10
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
39.00 J/mol.K   
39
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