Symbol
Zr
  
Ga
  
Period Number
5
  
4
  
Block
d block
  
p block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Post-Transition
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
Cmca
  
Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
  
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
  
Discovery
In 1789
  
In 1875
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
  
16
~0.000004 %
  
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
  
21
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
  
13
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.
  
23
Not Available
  
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C
  
15
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C
  
11
2,403.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
Lustrous
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s
  
20
2,740.00 m/s
  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Zr
  
Ga
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,979.30 kJ/mol
  
13
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,963.00 kJ/mol
  
28
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
6,180.00 kJ/mol
  
8
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol
  
15
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr
  
99+
0.87 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
  
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100
  
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol
  
36
11.80 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)
  
18
69.70 (-eV)
  
19
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3
  
99+
5.91 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3
  
99+
6.10 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
NA
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Diamagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Semiconductor
  
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m
  
11
270.00 nΩ·m
  
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
  
29
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol
  
27
28.90 kJ/mol
  
31
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)
  
19
0.37 J/(kg K)
  
16
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K
  
99+
25.86 J/mol·K
  
35
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K
  
99+
40.60 W/m·K
  
34
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
18.00 µm/(m·K)
  
24
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol
  
9
256.10 kJ/mol
  
36
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol
  
11
5.59 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol
  
10
276.10 kJ/mol
  
39
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K
  
39
40.80 J/mol.K
  
38