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Gold vs Nickel

Gold
Nickel
Nickel vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au  
Ni  
Group Number
11  
7
10  
8
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440575  
31
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C  
99+
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C  
37
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gold  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa  
99+
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa  
99+
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
0.47  
99+
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
95.00 %  
2
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Au  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54  
2
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87  
15
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.92  
7
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46  
99+
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV  
8
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
79  
37
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79  
37
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
118  
24
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
79  
37
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm  
99+
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu  
33
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm  
24
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3  
15
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3  
16
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)  
4
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32  
17
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
22
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K  
3
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
1,337.00 K  
99+
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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