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Gold vs Nickel

Gold
Nickel
Nickel vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au   
Ni   
Group Number
11   
7
10   
8
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440575   
31
7440020   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE   
In 1751   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
6 * 10-3 %   
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.008 %   
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
1.30 %   
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
18
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C   
99+
1,453.00 °C   
31
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C   
36
2,732.00 °C   
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gold   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
4.00   
10
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa   
99+
667.00 MPa   
18
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa   
31
638.00 MPa   
16
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
4,900.00 m/s   
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
95.00 %   
2
72.00 %   
9
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au   
Ni   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36   
3
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54   
1
1.91   
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.94   
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87   
7
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.92   
5
1.88   
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46   
99+
2.09   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV   
4
5.15 eV   
2
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79   
37
28   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79   
37
28   
99+
Number of Neutrons
118   
23
31   
99+
Number of Electrons
79   
37
28   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
124.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
124.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm   
39
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu   
33
58.69 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm   
21
352.40 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3   
15
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3   
6
7.81 g/cm3   
29
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa   
15
345.00 MPa   
11
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)   
4
19.50 (Pa)   
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa   
27
76.00 GPa   
12
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
200.00 GPa   
11
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32   
8
8.90   
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
2
Susceptibility
Not Available   
600.00   
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K   
3
90.90 W/m·K   
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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