Gold vs Niobium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Au
Nb
Group Number
11
7
5
13
Period Number
6
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440575
31
7440031
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Charles Hatchett
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
18
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
30
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C
99+
2,468.00 °C
6
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C
36
2,468.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gold
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa
99+
735.00 MPa
14
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa
31
870.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s
99+
3,480.00 m/s
21
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
95.00 %
2
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au
Nb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36
3
17
22
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54
1
1.60
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.42
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87
7
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.92
5
1.41
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46
99+
2.40
31
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol
8
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV
4
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79
37
41
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
79
37
41
99+
Number of Neutrons
118
23
52
99+
Number of Electrons
79
37
41
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
146.00 pm
35
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm
40
164.00 pm
28
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm
39
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu
33
92.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)
99+
104.00 (-eV)
8
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm
21
330.04 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61
4
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3
15
8.57 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3
6
Not Available
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa
15
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)
4
0.00 (Pa)
27
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa
27
38.00 GPa
19
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
170.00 GPa
10
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
105.00 GPa
20
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.32
8
8.57
37
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
152.00 nΩ·m
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K
40
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K
3
53.70 W/m·K
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol
27
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol
27
27.20 kJ/mol
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol
25
745.00 kJ/mol
4
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K
32
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
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