Symbol
Au
Pa
Group Number
113
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
67
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
CAS Number
74405757440133
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
I4/mmm
Space Group Number
225.00139.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
- Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
-
William Crookes
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE
In 1900
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %-
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
-
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
-
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
-
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C1,568.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C4,027.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gold
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.505.00
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa125.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa220.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s12,400.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
0.471.60
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
95.00 %60.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Au
Pa
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3627
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.541.50
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.501.50
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.421.14
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.871.50
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.921.50
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.462.50
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol1,128.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,856.00 kJ/mol1,814.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol2,991.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol5,120.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol5,680.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
8,901.00 kJ/mol5,680.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol5,680.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol5,120.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol5,120.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol5,680.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol5,680.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol5,680.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol5,680.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
89,000.00 kJ/mol56,800.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol56,800.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol568.50 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol5,680.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol568.30 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr1.72 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV5.89 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Number
7991
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Tetragonal (TETR)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
7991
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
118122
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
7991
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm163.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm200.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm243.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu231.04 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)92.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm392.50 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.611.58
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm315.37 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm315.37 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa80.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa16.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa47.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa47.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.400.23
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.3215.37
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m177.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol53.03 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K27.20 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K47.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,337.00 K1,841.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)9.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol481.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol12.34 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol481.90 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K198.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻