Symbol
Au
Rb
Group Number
111
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
65
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkali
CAS Number
74405757440177
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00229.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Obtained from Lithium Production.
History
Who Discovered
-
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.01 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
-
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
-
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-32.49 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.5.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C38.89 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C688.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gold
Grayish White
Luster
Metallic
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.500.30
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa0.22 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa0.22 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s1,300.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
0.471.54
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
95.00 %52.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Au
Rb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3629
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.540.82
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.500.31
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.420.89
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.870.69
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.920.71
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.463.18
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol2,633.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,856.00 kJ/mol3,860.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol5,080.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol6,850.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol8,140.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
8,901.00 kJ/mol9,570.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol13,120.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol14,500.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol26,740.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol4,030.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol4,030.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol4,030.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol4,030.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
89,000.00 kJ/mol40,300.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol40,300.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol4,030.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr3.19 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV2.16 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Number
7937
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Kr] 5s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
7937
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
11848
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
7937
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm248.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm220.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm303.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu85.47 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol55.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)9.47 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm558.50 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.611.59
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm31.53 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm31.46 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa30.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa2.50 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa2.50 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa2.40 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.400.37
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.321.53
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m128.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol46.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.36 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K31.06 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K58.20 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,337.00 K2,093.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)90.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol69.20 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol2.19 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol82.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K76.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻