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Holmium vs Scandium

Holmium
Scandium
Scandium vs Holmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ho   
Sc   
Group Number
Not Available   
3   
15
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440600   
29
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1878   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %   
27
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,461.00 °C   
30
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C   
99+
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa   
13
750.00 MPa   
12
Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa   
23
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s   
30
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ho   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.23   
37
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10   
30
1.20   
27
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.77   
17
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol   
99+
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol   
34
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr   
29
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
67   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
67   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
98   
34
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
67   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
192.00 pm   
17
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm   
24
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
164.93 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol   
24
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Dysprosium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Erbium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)   
31
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
357.73 pm   
38
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm3   
99+
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm3   
26
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
16
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa   
28
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa   
32
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa   
31
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.23   
29
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.80   
35
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m   
4
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K   
19
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K   
99+
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)   
35
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol   
38
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol   
29
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol   
36
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K   
8
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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