Holmium Yttrium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ho
Y
Group Number
Not Available
3
15
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440600
29
7440655
25
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
- Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine
Johan Gadolin
Discovery
In 1878
In 1794
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %
27
7 * 10-7 %
17
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
25
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
- Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
- It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
Industrial Uses
NA
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
26
In Bone
Not Available
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,461.00 °C
30
1,523.00 °C
27
Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C
99+
3,337.00 °C
21
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa
13
589.00 MPa
22
Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa
23
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s
30
3,300.00 m/s
23
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ho
Y
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
34
5
19
20
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.23
37
1.22
38
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.65
29
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10
30
1.11
29
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.12
38
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.77
17
2.78
16
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol
99+
600.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,180.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol
34
5,847.00 kJ/mol
10
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,430.00 kJ/mol
14
6th Energy Level
Not Available
8,970.00 kJ/mol
17
7th Energy level
Not Available
11,190.00 kJ/mol
18
8th Energy Level
Not Available
12,450.00 kJ/mol
18
9th Energy Level
Not Available
14,110.00 kJ/mol
19
10th Energy Level
Not Available
18,400.00 kJ/mol
17
11th Energy Level
Not Available
19,900.00 kJ/mol
18
12th Energy Level
Not Available
36,090.00 kJ/mol
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr
29
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
3.10 eV
35
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
67
99+
39
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
67
99+
39
99+
Number of Neutrons
98
34
50
99+
Number of Electrons
67
99+
39
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
192.00 pm
17
190.00 pm
18
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm
24
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
164.93 amu
99+
88.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol
24
19.80 cm3/mol
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)
31
48.00 (-eV)
30
Lattice Constant
357.73 pm
38
364.74 pm
31
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
1.57
16
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm3
99+
4.47 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm3
26
4.24 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
16
0.00 (Pa)
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
4.27 (Pa)
10
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa
28
25.60 GPa
30
Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa
32
41.20 GPa
30
Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa
31
63.50 GPa
32
Poisson Ratio
0.23
29
0.24
26
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.80
35
4.47
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m
4
596.00 nΩ·m
8
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
29.60 kJ/mol
30
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.30 J/(kg K)
18
Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K
19
26.53 J/mol·K
27
Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K
99+
17.20 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)
35
10.60 µm/(m·K)
37
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol
38
393.00 kJ/mol
18
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol
29
17.15 kJ/mol
16
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol
36
418.00 kJ/mol
18
Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K
8
44.40 J/mol.K
33
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