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Iron vs Niobium

Iron
Niobium
Niobium vs Iron


Periodic Table
Symbol
Fe  
Nb  
Group Number
8  
10
5  
13
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439896  
99+
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Iron is not always magnetic in nature, its allotrope are ferromagnetic and the B allotrope is nonmagnetic.
  • The blood consists Iron in hemoglobin molecules to transfer Oxygen in the body.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
Before 5000 BC  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.11 %  
1
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.10 %  
1
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
22.00 %  
1
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
6.30 %  
2
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.01 %  
6
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Iron metal alloy steel is used in the application of civil engineering and manufacturing.
  • Alloys of iron with nickel, vanadium, chromium, tungsten and manganese have very useful properties.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
447.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
3
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
380.00 p.p.m.  
5
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
1,535.00 °C  
25
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
2,750.00 °C  
39
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
200.00 MPa  
99+
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
608.00 MPa  
27
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
5,120.00 m/s  
12
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
Ferrite (alpha Iron)  
-  
β Allotropes
beta Iron  
-  
γ Allotropes
gamma Iron  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Fe  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.83  
15
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.64  
9
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.83  
16
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.80  
15
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.17  
99+
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
17
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,561.90 kJ/mol  
37
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,957.00 kJ/mol  
29
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,290.00 kJ/mol  
25
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,240.00 kJ/mol  
25
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,560.00 kJ/mol  
20
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
12,060.00 kJ/mol  
15
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
14,580.00 kJ/mol  
14
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
22,540.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
25,290.00 kJ/mol  
8
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
28,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
31,920.00 kJ/mol  
31
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
34,830.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
37,840.00 kJ/mol  
11
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
44,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
47,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
122,200.00 kJ/mol  
1
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
131,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
140,500.00 kJ/mol  
3
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
152,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
163,000.00 kJ/mol  
5
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
173,600.00 kJ/mol  
4
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
188,100.00 kJ/mol  
4
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
195,200.00 kJ/mol  
1
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
762.00 kJ/mol  
15
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
15
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
14
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
20
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
20
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
762.00 kJ/mol  
15
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
26  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d6 4s2  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
26  
99+
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
30  
99+
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
26  
99+
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
126.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
55.85 amu  
99+
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Manganese
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Cobalt
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
67.00 (-eV)  
20
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
286.65 pm  
99+
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.35  
99+
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.87 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.98 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
11,000.00 MPa  
1
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
19
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
36.80 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
82.00 GPa  
11
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
211.00 GPa  
9
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.29  
15
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.20  
99+
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.01 H/m  
1
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
200,000.00  
1
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
96.10 nΩ·m  
32
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
24
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
15.70 kJ/mol  
40
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
25.10 J/mol·K  
99+
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
80.40 W/m·K  
22
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
1,811.00 K  
29
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
351.00 kJ/mol  
33
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.90 kJ/mol  
23
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
414.20 kJ/mol  
24
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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